Standard Model of Particle Physics

Thompson told us that matter is made up of very small particles called atoms. For a time, the atom was considered the basic particle of matter, which was no longer considered divisible. Later we learned that an atom consists of a nucleus that is found in the center of the atom around which electrons revolve. The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons, and protons and neutrons are made up of quarks. All we know so far is that quarks are basic particles that cannot be further broken down. According to scientists, quarks are made up of smaller ten-dimensional massless strings. But string theory is still a hypothesis

(Fundamental Particles)

Today we know about seventeen basic particles. In the standard model, these 17 particles are arranged in a sequence based on their properties. The standard model divides the particles into two parts. One part of which are called Fermions while the other part is called Bosons. Twelve of these seventeen particles are fermions, while the other five are called bosons.

FERMIONS

In fermions, six particles are called quarks and six are called leptons.

Quacks

There are six types of quark called up, down, charm, strange, top and bottom quark. Two or more quarks combine to form hadrons (e.g. protons, neutrons, etc.). They have the most stable protons and neutrons. Two up and one down quarks combine to form a proton, while one up and two down quarks combine to form a neutron. Charm, Strange, Top and Bottom Quarks are stable for a very short time and immediately turn into up or down quarks.

Leptons

There are also six types of leptons called Electron, Electron Neutrino, Tau, Tau Neutrino, Meon, Meon Neutrino. Tau, Tau neutrons and meon, meon neutrons have more mass than electrons. Due to which they do not become stable and immediately turn into stable particles.

BOSONS

Four particles in bosons are called vector bosons and one is called scalar boson.

(Vector Bosons)

Four types of bosons are called vector bosons. Photon, Gluon, W boson, W boson and Z boson are vector bosons, also called force carriers.

Core forces

(Fundamental Forces)

There are four basic forces in our universe: electromagnetic or Coulomb force, Strong nuclear force, Nuclear force and Gravity force. Who have their own separate force carriers?

Electromagnetic force

Electromagnetic force is between two identical charges or two different charges whose force carriers are photons. Which convey information from one charge to another? Photons are massless particles and travel at the speed of c.

Strong nuclear force

Due to the strong nuclear force, protons with the same charge are bound to each other in the nucleus. Whose force carriers are gluons? There is an electromagnetic force and a strong nuclear force between two charges. When the distance between two identical charges is more than one femtometer, the electromagnetic force is greater so that the charges repel each other. But as soon as the distance is less than one femtometer, a strong nuclear force prevails, which binds two equally charged particles together. Gluons also do not have mass and they also have c speed.

Weak nuclear power

Due to nuclear force, protons are converted into neutrons and neutrons into protons through alpha and beta deca. Its force carriers are called W and ze bosons.

Force of Gravity

Between the two masses there is a force, the force of gravity. Which are explained by the General Theory of Relativity? If there is a force of gravity between two particles, then it must also have a gravitational force carrier, but this force carrier has not yet been discovered, which is why it is not included in the standard model of particle physics.

Scalar boson or Higgs boson

The Higgs boson was most recently discovered in 2012, as predicted by Peter Higgs. For this he was awarded the Nobel Prize. It is also called God Particle. The name became famous in The God Particle, the first book written on the Higgs boson. The Higgs boson produces the Higgs field, which gives the particles mass.